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Notation category

Dynamics

Read pp through ff as members of one loudness family, then follow hairpins as sound grows or recedes.

  1. From Ah, Love, but a Day!, Op. 44 No. 2 (piano part) by Amy Beach, source measure 1.

    pp

    Pianissimo (pp)

    Play very softly, with control and a clear tone.

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  2. From Minuet in G Major by J.S. Bach (attrib.; BWV Anh. 114, likely Christian Petzold), source measure 25.

    p

    Piano (p)

    Play softly, one level above pianissimo.

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  3. From Moonlight Sonata, Op. 27 No. 2 — 1st Movement by Ludwig van Beethoven, source measure 27.

    mp

    Mezzo piano (mp)

    Play moderately softly: fuller than p, gentler than mf.

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  4. From Minuet in G Major by J.S. Bach (attrib.; BWV Anh. 114, likely Christian Petzold), source measure 1.

    mf

    Mezzo forte (mf)

    Play moderately loudly: present and full without reaching forte.

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  5. From Ah, Love, but a Day!, Op. 44 No. 2 (piano part) by Amy Beach, source measure 15.

    f

    Forte (f)

    Play loudly, with a resonant sound rather than a harsh strike.

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  6. From Toccata and Fugue in D Minor, BWV 565 (Piano Solo) by J.S. Bach, source measure 2.

    ff

    Fortissimo (ff)

    Play very loudly with breadth, clarity, and reserve against distortion.

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  7. From Air on the G String by J.S. Bach, source measure 6.

    an opening hairpin: <

    Crescendo

    Grow gradually louder across the marked span.

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  8. From Air on the G String by J.S. Bach, source measure 7.

    a closing hairpin: >

    Diminuendo

    Grow gradually softer across the marked span.

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